cognitive enhancers การใช้

• Colostrinin s potential as a cognitive enhancer is fairly well-documented.
• It is also used as an athletic performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
• Diazoxide acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA and kainate receptors, suggesting potential application as a cognitive enhancer.
• The drug companies have been careful to state that they are interested in cognitive enhancers only for well-defined medical conditions.
• "' Adderall "'is a combination drug containing cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.
• Nearly every major pharmaceutical company has a fast-track program for developing memory drugs, and some 200 cognitive enhancers are being actively pursued.
• Being a cognitive enhancer, Vasopressin improves long-and short-term memory, increases attention span and concentration, and facilitates the imprint of newly-learned information.
• The drug is a rapid-acting and long-lasting antidepressant as well as robust cognitive enhancer by virtue of its ability to both inhibit and enhance NMDA receptor-mediated signal transduction.
• Alzheimer's disease and other age-related dementias tend to be the fig leaf that researchers, biotech entrepreneurs and drug companies hide behind when they talk about " cognitive enhancers ."
• Yet another approach is to use general cognitive enhancers, as may be the case for memantine, a pharmaceutical approved in the United States and European Union to treat moderate-to-severe AD . A recent ( March 2015 ) physical approach utilizes ultrasound for penetrating the blood-brain barrier and activating microglial cells, in experimental animals; researchers reported in Science that the essay eliminates a great proportion of amyloid beta and restores memory function.
• However, the recent downsizing of many major pharmaceutical companies away from psychiatric indications ( including addiction ) due to the lack of efficacy of experimental compounds in humans may require a sea change in the translational research approach . 212, 213 A new emphasis on larger-scale biomarker, genetic, and epigenetic research focused on the molecular targets of mental disorders has been recently advocated . 212 In addition, the integration of cognitive and behavioral modification of circuit-wide neuroplasticity ( ie, computer-based training to enhance executive function ) may prove to be an effective adjunct-treatment approach for addiction, particularly when combined with cognitive enhancers . 198, 213 216 Furthermore, in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior-modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities . } } Reviews from 2015 and 2016 indicated that TAAR1-selective agonists have significant therapeutic potential as a treatment for psychostimulant addictions;
• Future approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits and dependence include the use of cognitive enhancers . 198 200 Two promising examples include prescription stimulants, such as modafinil and methylphenidate, which have shown modest but potential treatment effects in METH users and cocaine users with comorbid attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, respectively . 201 205 In addition, galantamine, a cholinergic modulator and cognitive enhancer, has been reported to both decrease cocaine use and improve sustained attention in dependent subjects . 206, 207 Together, these studies indicate that clinical trials of cognitive enhancers in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction are warranted .-- > In addition to the pharmacological trials reviewed above, less conventional strategies that are gaining scientific momentum include vaccine therapies to immunoneutralize drug molecules and impede penetrance across the blood brain barrier, enzyme conjugates that dramatically increase the metabolic breakdown of abused drugs, pharmacogenetic approaches based on individual genetic polymorphisms in addiction-related genes, and epigenetic modulators of drug-induced changes in gene expression . 208 211 While still in their relative infancy, these exciting new avenues of research offer a significant expansion of possible biologically based targets for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction . . . . The tremendous need for more effective pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction is a mainstay of contemporary addiction research.
• Future approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits and dependence include the use of cognitive enhancers . 198 200 Two promising examples include prescription stimulants, such as modafinil and methylphenidate, which have shown modest but potential treatment effects in METH users and cocaine users with comorbid attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, respectively . 201 205 In addition, galantamine, a cholinergic modulator and cognitive enhancer, has been reported to both decrease cocaine use and improve sustained attention in dependent subjects . 206, 207 Together, these studies indicate that clinical trials of cognitive enhancers in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction are warranted .-- > In addition to the pharmacological trials reviewed above, less conventional strategies that are gaining scientific momentum include vaccine therapies to immunoneutralize drug molecules and impede penetrance across the blood brain barrier, enzyme conjugates that dramatically increase the metabolic breakdown of abused drugs, pharmacogenetic approaches based on individual genetic polymorphisms in addiction-related genes, and epigenetic modulators of drug-induced changes in gene expression . 208 211 While still in their relative infancy, these exciting new avenues of research offer a significant expansion of possible biologically based targets for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction . . . . The tremendous need for more effective pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction is a mainstay of contemporary addiction research.
• Future approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits and dependence include the use of cognitive enhancers . 198 200 Two promising examples include prescription stimulants, such as modafinil and methylphenidate, which have shown modest but potential treatment effects in METH users and cocaine users with comorbid attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, respectively . 201 205 In addition, galantamine, a cholinergic modulator and cognitive enhancer, has been reported to both decrease cocaine use and improve sustained attention in dependent subjects . 206, 207 Together, these studies indicate that clinical trials of cognitive enhancers in the treatment of psychostimulant addiction are warranted .-- > In addition to the pharmacological trials reviewed above, less conventional strategies that are gaining scientific momentum include vaccine therapies to immunoneutralize drug molecules and impede penetrance across the blood brain barrier, enzyme conjugates that dramatically increase the metabolic breakdown of abused drugs, pharmacogenetic approaches based on individual genetic polymorphisms in addiction-related genes, and epigenetic modulators of drug-induced changes in gene expression . 208 211 While still in their relative infancy, these exciting new avenues of research offer a significant expansion of possible biologically based targets for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction . . . . The tremendous need for more effective pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction is a mainstay of contemporary addiction research.